Pol. Sci. 195 (Asian Values)

What is ‘Asian Values’?

•a concept rooted on the belief in the existence within Asian countries of a unique set of institutions and political ideologies which reflected the region’s culture and history.

•Confucian Social Ethics: hard work, frugality, benevolence, education, and willing sacrifice of individual benefit for collective good.

•Japanese ‘Wa’ or Harmony- togetherness as a group above any ideas of self-assertion, self-expression, individualism, argument or confrontation.

•Asian Values versus Western Fabricated Views

•born into obligations as opposed to born with rights

•bound by rites as opposed to protected by rights

•oneness of humanity with nature versus distinction between humanity and nature

•‘orientalism’-  is the image expressed as an entire system of thought and scholarship. This image is subject to ideological biases suited to the ‘orient’ by the West.

•Economic Competitiveness

•A condition wherein a certain economic entity such as a multinational company is able to play an active role in the global economy by dictating patterns of economic behaviors and policy making.

•The ability of a state to match the abilities of other states to influence economic patterns in the global economy.

•Economic success of Asian Tigers with Japan taking the lead, followed by Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore and South Korea.

•Asian Values: Familism and Economic Development

•Small and Medium Scale Businesses: The Japanese Tea Shop

•Family businesses based on Confucian familism

•The framework of Asian capitalism are family businesses

•Japanese Tea Shops

•The ownership of the shop is passed on through generations

•Men marry into the family of those who own the business

•Asian Values: Skill Formation via Education

•The Korean Chaebol, The Japanese Zaibatsu and Keiretsu

•The Confucian Legacy

•Education as a means of skill formation

•The East Asian Miracle

“…educate one’s children rather than to give them wealth.”

•Management capabilities plus;

•Technological expertise plus;

•Improved productivity equals;

•Expedited economic development

•Examples supporting the Claim

•The Chaebol

•Stands for conglomerate or “financial clique”

•Promotion based on merit

•Job niche depends on filed of expertise

–Examples: Samsung and Daewoo

•The Zaibatsu and Keiretsu

•Family (consanguinity) v “iae” (Household, Clan)

•Promotion is dependent on merit and does not require blood relation

–Examples: Mitsubishi and Sumitomo

•Arguments against the claim that Economic Competitiveness is attributed to Asian values

•One claim is that Confucianism as root of Asian values is objected because of the misinterpretation of the tenets of Confucian thought and regarding it as “Asian values.”

Asian value discourse consider good governance to be a sole function of power derived from the power of the strong, and the propensity of leaders in justifying coercion in the name of order, which should not be the case according to the Confucian doctrine.

For instance, the leaders’ coercive or heavy-handed approach of maintaining harmony and social order does not in fact correlate with Confucian teachings.

Example:

The Case of Singapore

East- West Rivalry as contradiction to Confucian doctrine

•Asian Values were shaped by Western Influences

•Karl Marx

•Asians could not represent themselves, they need others to represent them instead.

•Asian Mode of Production

•Max Weber

•Capitalism in Asia is a model imported from the west.

•Economic upturn and the increase in prosperity in Asia occurred during the encounter with the West.

• Western concepts were not imposed by colonizing powers but pursued by liberation movements.

•Western concepts left significant traces in the Asian political culture which established “cultural hegemony” with the West.

•“Westernness” is equal to “capitalist mode of production”

•Lee Kuan Yew

•Asians would have been a backward economy and backward people without the West.

•Daniel Bell and Ronald Inglehart

•Industrialisation leads to Democratization

•CONCLUSION

•Historical analysis shows that economic competitiveness is a product of certain developments in the mid 1900s (cold war)

•Structural systems provide conditions for economic competitiveness

•Economic competitiveness is not exclusively brought by Asian Values. Rather, it is a product of interplay of various factors like adoption of Western economic system.

Pol. Sci. 195 (Asian Democracy)

Asian-style democracy: a fact or
a myth?

What is Asian-Style Democracy?

“soft authoritarianism”

stresses the strength of Eastern culture and values based upon family solidarity and discipline

explicitly denounce the Anglo-American style of democracy as inefficient for economic development and political order

assumes that social order and political stability are more important that individual rights

Abiding by tradition and respect for authority are essential for achieving an orderly and moral society.

put priority on the group over the individual and on the  whole society over its individual members

Democracy is not something to be placed above other social values or taken as an end to itself.

openly against democracy as a political goal

based on consensus building and trust on political leaders

assert that their political objective is a “good government”

generally adhere to the idea of a market economy combined with a  communitarian solidarity and paternalistic-authoritarian polity

Culturally, generally based upon Confucian teachings of social and political order

emphasizes free elections, multi party system and confidentiality of electoral process

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

An important pillar of democracy

Economic development leads to a higher level of education and a more democratic culture.

This in turn favours a more moderate policy style of rulers towards political opposition.

Modernization as well as economic growth, processes create the behavioral basis for democratic governance.

Economic growth is a key criterion in sustaining democratic regimes over time.

Economic expansion helps reduce societal conflicts resulting from inequality and serves to diminish any tendency to political alienation.

There is a need to sacrifice individual consumption to achieve collective welfare goals.

Communitarian-based democracy

Priority on the group over the individual

Whole society over its individual members

Social order and political stability as more important

They see individualism as a threat to the prosperity of a community, be it a business organization, a political group, or the nation as a whole.

Democracy not to be placed above other social values, or taken as an end in itself. Rather, it is an instrument to serve higher social goals such as order and economic well-being.

Singapore’s one-party rule, which maintains broad popular support and the system guarantees political stability

Asian-style democracy is based on consensus-building and trust in political leaders

political objective is “good government”

advocates of Asian-style democracy voice a strong desire for Asian solidarity against the Western world

Mahathir Mohamad proposed an ambitious plan for East Asian economic cooperation

Asian-style Democracy: Institution- and Structure-based Uniqueness

A system of one-party rule or coalition rule

Small, lean bureaucracies  are endowed with considerable authority.

It enables them to adopt highly efficient strategies .

Parties  reinforce bureaucratic rule augmented by support from social groups

Parties represent consensus view , makes it easier for bureaucracies to act.

Party are confident of their legitimacy because  they reflect the majority view.

Parties cede  single issues and decision making to non-elected bureaucrats.

Political party is a catch-all organization.

– vague policy tenets, but it constructs and operates through extremely strong personal networks. The main function of political parties is to recruit support for the government at the grassroots level.

Absence of ideological or religious tenets

– ideology normally hampers a party’s ability to achieve power

Example: China

The Case of China

Xieshang minzhu (deliberative democracy)

Key Elements:

Authoritarian Party leadership

Expanded  popular participation in political process

Governance through rule of law (while rejecting universal suffrage, true parliamentary bodies and contested multiparty elections.

Authoritarian party leadership

Strengthened party building and ruling capacity

‘Inner-party democracy’

Expanded grass-roots politial participation

Multi-party cooperation, not multiparty competition

Security of legitimacy

Expanded popular participation: absence of ideological monopoly

China’s pragmatism

CCP: place mechanisms by which the system can be opened enough to retain legitimacy and support, while maintaining the Party’s power

Removed ideological roadblocks that once reviled private entrepreneurs from joining the Communist Party.

– Success in co-opting China’s emerging middle class of entrepreneurs and intellectuals

- Slowing the emergence of a critical elite and viable political opposition

The Case of Japan

One-party leadership: LDP’s half-a-century rule (not until DPJ or the Minshuto won the latest elections)

Bureaucratic routine and self-preservation

Multisectorial representation (farmers, business leaders, small shopkeepers)

The DPJ Win: A Case of Democratic Failure?

Urban middle class, not represented during the LDP rule

Instability in ‘government – bureaucracy’ relations

Problem of accountability in the bureaucracies

(too much confidence begets abuse)

Resulted to loss of legitimacy (popular support)

Diversity of values in asia

Asian values determine the kind of democratic legitimation in Asia.

But…

Religions, cultures, philosophical traditions, and core values differ in various parts of Asia.

Example,

Confucianism – is regarded as                                     superior than other sets of                                     values in Asia

There is no single definition of the so-called Asian values.

If there is not one established Asian value system,

then it is not possible that there is really such an “Asian” style of democracy.

Family and Kinship Systems

Family and kinship systems form the basis of networks and corporate groups by regulating social interaction, reproduction and the flow of wealth.

The more extensive a family or kinship system, the more a society can be considered ‘familistic’.

A nation’s well-being, as well as its ability to compete, is conditioned by a single, pervasive characteristic and that is the level of trust inherent in the society.

Trust is the expectation that arises within a community of regular, honest, and cooperative behaviour.

Economically, it could be that the greater part of gross domestic product (GDP) of a country  is produced by family-owned businesses.

The setup is familistic.

-it denotes a lack of trust among strangers.

A deficit of trust toward outsiders means that one’s strongest relationships of trust are reserved for family and close friends.

Fukuyama

Traditional sociability

Free sociability

Trust should be extended as far as the boundaries of the family.

Defined social capital as shared norms or values that promote social cooperation, instantiated in actual social relationships

Claims that democratic stability depends on a specific form of social organization and citizen values: ‘social capital’.

The closer the kinship ties are, the more difficult for them to form a complex societal organization.

Kinship solidarity and familism allow rulers to stick or return more easily to authoritarian rule, and effective citizen mobilization is difficult.

“If there is no civil society, there would be no democracy.” –Sociologist Ernest Gellner–

Social capital is what permits individuals to band together to defend their interests and organize to support collective needs.

Societies in which people are accustomed to cooperating and working together in large organizations are much more likely to develop strong and efficient state institutions which is contrary to the setup having a close family and kinship ties.

The only model of democracy

There is only one liberal model of democracy

—though structure and process may differ

Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government

—as the collapse of communist countries occurred in the end of cold war.

Authoritarian regimes or regimes that have not completed the transition to democracy

—others that claim to have a unique brand of democracy

East Asia and throughout the world authoritarian regimes are collapsing.

Chinese scholars turning interest directly to democracy

—scholars who have discussed authoritarianism as alternative to communism have abandoned the notion.

Conclusion

Asian democracy has emphasis on economic performance, its legitimizing values, and its institutional framework, which emphasizes the need for social and political harmony to create a base for democracy.

However, Asian democracy cannot be considered an Asian-style democracy because it breeds an authoritarian regime, existence of close family ties that impedes the formation of social capital and diversity of values among Asian countries

Pol. Sci. 195 Report (Human Rights in Asia)

Human Rights in Asia

debates on human rights
Human Rights

rights inherent to all human beings

-             whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status.

equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination.

These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.

Universal Declaration of human rights

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world

common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations

the United Nations stated in clear and simple terms rights that belong equally to every person.

THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person

the ideal of free human beings enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear and want can only be achieved through conditions whereby people enjoy these rights

Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person

the ideal of free human beings enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear and want can only be achieved through conditions whereby people enjoy these rights

International Debates on the Formation of United Nations Declaration of Human Rights

By: Lys Lee F. Lucero

The notion that the UNDHR was uniquely sponsored and promoted by the Western powers.

fourteen western countries adhered to a philosophical tradition of natural law embedded in national law

emphasis on the inherent dignity of being human and of inalienable and equal rights for all

twenty Latin American and Central American countries adopted a western model

Soviet vs. Western legal theory

differences in Soviet and Western concept of human rights

“it is the individual who is the beneficiary of human rights which are to be asserted against the government” (Western)

“law declared that state is the source of human rights” (Soviet)

sharp ideological exchanges on comparative assessments of the human rights situations in the Soviet-bloc countries and in countries under colonial rule

Human rights vs. national security

exception of non-derogable human rights

the right to life

the right to be free from slavery

the right to be free from torture

the right to be free from retroactive application of penal laws

human rights can be limited or even pushed aside during times of national emergency

“the emergency must be actual, affect the whole population and the threat must be to the very existence of the nation. The declaration of emergency must also be a last resort and a temporary measure…”

binding on all states and cannot be modified by treaty

Japanese American internment during World War II

forced relocation and internment by the US government in 1942 of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese residing along the Pacific coast of the United States to camps called “War Relocation Camps,” in the wake of Imperial Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor

Gender Problems

UDHR acknowledges that men and women are not the same but insists on their right to be equal before the law and treated without discrimination.

Gender equality refers to the equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women and men, girls and boys, and should concern and fully engage men as well as women.

It is the human rights of women that is most widely ignored around the world

from female infanticide

sexual slavery and rape as an act of war

to exclusion from education, health and the right to compete equally for jobs

The right to be free of discrimination on the grounds of sex is specifically embodied in Article 2 of the declaration,

even a cursory reading of all 30 Articles is enough to remind us that the Declaration has yet to fulfill its promise to women

Debates on UNDHR and Asia

drawn up without their input

founded on the Western ideal of individual autonomy

has little meaning for East Asians

emphasize the primacy of community

the stress that industrialized countries place on civil and political rights is inappropriate for developing societies

meaningless in the absence of economic development and social stability

Issues on Concepts

meaning of human dignity

the importance of contextual factors (especially cultural) in the determination of the content and range of rights

relationship of the individual to the state and to society

potential challenges to the sovereign prerogatives of member states

connection between rights and responsibilities

role of spiritual values in individual and societal welfare

Misperception that civil and political rights is independent from economic, social, and cultural rights.

ideological fissures caused by the Cold War and the concomitant failure to develop a legally binding international human rights instrument

impossible for a society to fulfill its commitment to the right to education (Article 26) without taking seriously its commitment to the right to seek, receive, and impart information (Article 19)

difficult to envisage the realization of the right to form and to join trade unions (Article 23) without a commensurate realization of the right to peaceful assembly and association (Article 20)

Selective use of human rights norms by the main adversaries in the Cold War.

highlight what each side considered as its respective strength vis-à-vis the other

civil and political rights for the Western bloc

economic, social, and cultural rights for the Eastern bloc

New International Economic Order

from the Declaration for the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1974

a set of proposals put forward during the 1970s by developing countries through the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

to promote their interests by improving their terms of trade

increasing development assistance

developed-country tariff reductions

a revision of the international economic system in favour of Third World countries

replacing the Bretton Woods system

established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world’s major industrial states in the mid 20th century

Human Rights after Cold War

Three generation of political rights

civil and political rights associated with Western liberal democracies;

social and   associated with Eastern socialist states; and

development rights  associated with post-colonial, developing countries.

U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights

…United Nations agency that works to promote and protect the human rights that are guaranteed under international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948

Women After Cold war

Women global movements are starting growing aiming to make woman rights perspective visible

movements around women’s human rights have emerged to challenge limited notions of human rights, and it has focused particularly on violence against women as a prime example of the bias against women in human rights practice and theory.

Human rights status

Improved international cooperation that facilitate the work of the various agencies, committees, and working groups engaged in monitoring compliance with human rights obligations.

Human Rights and Globalization

Globalization

is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global economy.

Globalization refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world.

Globalization involves technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation, and infrastructure.

Issue regarding UHR and Globalizations

In the sphere of international economic policy, or private law, “public institutions” are made to contractually act as private stakeholders, as if they are “free” market actors.

Human rights and War on Terror

War on Terror

A term used by Bush after the 9/11 attack also known as War on Terrorism

Terrorism here means a destruction of people or property by people not acting on behalf of an established government for the purpose of redressing a real or imaginary injustice attributed to an established government and aimed directly or indirectly at an established government.

Arising Human Rights Issues

The case of US Reprisal on Afghanistan

… reprisal can cause a widen effect of violence

The Case of US war on Iraq

…the killing of both combatants and non-combatants in Baghdad

Contemporaries and Particularities of Human Rights in Asia

Primacy of Economic Development over Civil and Political Rights

Primacy of Economic Development over Civil and Political Rights

…“when poverty and lack of adequate food and clothing are commonplace and people’s basic needs are not guaranteed, priority should be given to economic development.”

Primacy of Economic Development over Civil and Political Rights

“…economic growth is the necessary foundation of any system that claims to advance human dignity, and that order and stability are essential for development.”

Primacy of Economic Development over Civil and Political Rights

“…it is necessary for a developing society to first succeed economic development before it can attain the social and political freedoms found in the developed society.”

Primacy of Economic Development over Civil and Political Rights

Asian societies must give greater priority to economic development and growth over political and civil rights because considerations for the community needs, rights, and security are of supreme importance.

Primacy of State, Society, and Community over Individual

Primacy of State, Society and Community over Individuals

Asian people work for the good of society, are less selfish and accept that the unity and stability of society are more important, and it is logically prior to the rights of individuals

Primacy of State, Society and Community over Individuals

Group orientation is also associated with values such as self-effacement, self-discipline and personal sacrifice to the greater public good. This is integral to perceptions of public morality, harmony and social dynamism.

Primacy of State, Society and Community over Individuals

Confucianism advocates ethical properties to private and public relationships which suggests acceptance of hierarchy and the need for social harmony, respect and for family and benevolence in government.

Primacy of State, Society and Community over Individuals

“…There are no absolute individual rights and freedoms, except those prescribed by and within the framework of law. Nobody shall place his own rights and interests above those of the state and society, nor should he be allowed to impair those of others and the general public.”

Primacy of State, Society and Community over Individuals

“…and the rest of the developing world, do not and cannot hold to an individualistic approach towards human rights for they cannot disregard the interests of their societies and nations.”

Primacy of State, Society and Community over Individuals

“…developing societies cannot afford to be complacent, and a balance between individual rights and social responsibility must be made to prevent anarchy and sustain economic development.

Emphasis on National Sovereignty

Tension between collective and individual rights

Self-determination is a right enjoyed by “peoples” to freely determine  their political status and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural development

the concepts of self-determination and independence – centered on the nation-state

individualistic perception of human rights in the west

Post Cold War

- a concerted effort to remove the cloak of Western imperialism and develop and identity independent of the west

- human rights pressures – perceived as an extension of Western aggressive behavior in the past

Human Rights and Sovereignty

West – Human Rights exceed Sovereignty

East – Sovereignty exceed Human Rights

China’s case – human rights criticism as “interfering with internal affairs”

Invoking sovereignty prevents the international community to criticize the State of its individual human rights abuses

Human Rights in Asian Philosophy

Hinduism and Human Rights

The caste system can be understood as a reflection of dharma or “the moral order” in Hindu society.

Caste vs. the notion that human beings are equal and deserve the same respect, dignity, and rights.

Many of the rights directly challenge the system of unequal privileges that is fundamental to the Hindu tradition of caste includes:

Right to Equality,

Right to Freedom,

Right against Exploitation,

Right to Freedom of Religion,

Cultural and Educational Rights,

Right to Property,

and Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Caste-based discrimination

The case of the Dalits on caste-based assignment of the worst jobs “manual scavenging”.

The Indian National Human Rights Commission has called manual scavenging “one of the worst violations of human rights”

Buddhism and Human Rights

Dharma determines what is right and just in all contexts and from all perspectives with respect to social justice

Dharma

the teachings of the Buddha which lead to enlightenment ( The Universal law of nature )

meaning right conduct, duty, religion, law, social justice, and responsibility

one of the three gems of Buddhism in which practitioners of Buddhism seek refuge

Dharma determines what is right and just in all contexts and from all perspectives. With respect to social justice the Rev. Vajiragnana explains:

- Each one of us has a role to play in sustaining and promoting social justice and orderliness

roles as reciprocal duties existing between

*            parents and children; teachers and pupils; husband and wife; friends, relatives and neighbors; employer and employee; clergy and laity

… No one has been left out. The duties explained here are reciprocal and are considered as sacred duties, for – if observed – they can create a just, peaceful and harmonious society.

Dharma determines not just “what one is due to do” but also “what is due to one.” Thus through A’s performance of his Dharmic duty B receives that which is his “due” or that to which he is “entitled” in (under, through) Dharma.

Human rights can be extrapolated from Buddhist moral teachings using the logic of moral relationships to illumine what is due under Dharma.

A direct translation of the first four precepts yields a right to life, a right not to have one’s property stolen, a right to fidelity in marriage, and a right not to be lied to.

rights to liberty and security can either be deduced from or are extant within the general corpus of Buddhist moral teachings

A right not to be held in slavery, for example, is implicit in the canonical prohibition on trade in living beings.

Islam and Human Rights

Sharia law and women discrimination in Muslim societies largely influences how Islam societies treat women.

There was a clear conflict between the rights of women as enshrined in the UDHR and the need to protect and preserve the chastity of women. (Abu’l A’la Mawdudi)

No legal system other than the Shari’ah offered women protection from sexual molestation, assault and rape

Respect for the Chastity of Women

Charter of Human Rights granted by Islam

A woman’s chastity has to be respected and protected under all circumstances, whether she belongs to our own nation or to the nation of an enemy, whether we find her in the wild forest or in a conquered city; whether she is our co-religionist or belongs to some other religion or has no religion at all.

According to many Qur’anic verses, all people, regardless of their gender, religion, race and social class, are entitled to have a full equality before law.

Islam and Human Rights

According to the Shari’ah, despite declarations of the equality of the sexes before God, women are considered inferior to men, and have fewer rights and responsibilities.

Shari’ah law is totally opposed to freedom of dress for women.

Muslim woman is not allowed to marry a non-Muslim man whereas Muslim men are allowed to marry non-Muslim women.

The status of women in Muslim society.

Sense of alienation oftentimes leads to anger and bitterness toward the patriarchal systems of thought and social structures which dominate most Muslim societies.

It is customary in Muslim societies to regard a son as a gift, and a daughter as a trial, from God.

Islam and Human Rights

The greatest obstacle to human rights under Political Islam is its strong adherence to the Sharia.

“When we want to find out what is right and what is wrong we do not go the United Nations; we go to the Holy Koran . . .”

Ayatollah Moussave-Khomenehi

Urgent!!!

Mr. Martinez the dean’s office need the projector badly..

Pol. Sci. 193 and 195

I have a meeting at the city today. We will not have a class. Submit your assignment to my pigeon hole and spend the meeting to prepare for your presentation and to write your term paper.

Pol. Sci. 195 Presentation Schedule

Please be reminded of our class presentation schedule.

Group 1 Monday March 15, 2010 1-2 pm

Group 2 Monday March 15, 2010 2-2:30, 4:00-4:30

Group 3 Monday March 15, 2020 4:30-5:00

Venue CAS Room 205.

I reserved the Social Sciences projector for the whole duration of the presentation. You can use it until 5:30. Please check hardware compatibility before hand.

You hand out for the whole class and for me is due on Friday March 12, 2010, on or before 5 pm.

Pol. Sci. 195 Group Report

We are moving the due date for topic consultation on Thursday, Feb. 18, 2010. Make sure that by then can present your outline for approval with persons assigned for each topic and with sources sufficient to establish your arguments.

You may consider the materials below for more reference. But this is copyrighted materials, be careful in sharing it to others.

Asian-style Democracy; a critique from East Asia

Confusing Confucius in Asian Values

The Myth of Asian Style Democracy

What drives democratisation in Asia and Africa

Pol. Sci. 195 Group Report

We are moving the due date for topic consultation on Thursday, Feb. 18, 2010. Make sure that by then can present your outline for approval with persons assigned for each topic and with sources sufficient to establish your arguments.

Pol. Sci. 195 Class readings.

For the link to our next class reading, “Buddhism and politics in Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and Thailand” just click the title.

Political Science 195

Please be reminded of the following dates;

February 16, 2010, Tuesday- Due for group report consultation

March 8, 2010, Monday-Start of Class presentation

I will post the guidelines for presentation soon, just remember that the presenting group is required to provide a detailed outline of their presentation to the whole class and to the instructor a week before the presentation.